Воспаление двенадцатиперстной кишки: симптомы и лечение

Болезни кишечника

Воспаление двенадцатиперстной кишки – патология желудочно-кишечного тракта, возникающая у детей и взрослых и сопровождающаяся наличием болей и диспепсических расстройств (тошнота, рвота, диарея). Существует большое количество видов этого недуга, каждый из которых отличается своими симптомами. Диагностика осуществляется эндоскопистом, а лечение проводится гастроэнтерологом в стационарных или в домашних условиях в зависимости от тяжести патологии. Терапия при этом заболевании бывает медикаментозной и с помощью народных рецептов.

1

Описание заболевания

Воспаление и атрофия слизистой оболочки двенадцатиперстной кишки (дуоденит) является самым распространенным заболеванием органа. Эта патология развивается у детей и взрослых. Существует большое количество причин возникновения недуга.

Нарушение питания, частое употребление кислой, копченой, острой и жареной пищи влияет на развитие первичного дуоденита. Большое количество кофе, а также вредные привычки (алкоголь и курение) могут спровоцировать появление болезни. Если у человека в организме возникает повышенная кислотность и снижение защитных свойств стенки двенадцатиперстной кишки (ДПК), то впоследствии это приводит к раздражению и воспалению слизистой.

Вторичный дуоденит (заболевание, которое развилось на фоне другой патологии) появляется по причине образования хронических гастритов, язвенной болезни ДПК. Хронические патологии кишечника, печени и поджелудочной железы также могут повлиять на формирование недуга. Инфицирование бактериями и нарушения кровоснабжения приводят к появлению воспаления слизистой двенадцатиперстной кишки.

ФКС (фиброколоноскопия): описание процедуры, подготовка и показания к проведению

2

Виды недуга и основные клинические проявления

Выделяют острый и хронический дуоденит. Первая форма характеризуется симптомами воспаления, которые исчезают после проведенного лечения и не оставляют изменений в слизистой оболочки. При хронической патологии двенадцатиперстной кишки возникает перестройка ее структуры.

Существует большое количество хронических форм этого заболевания, каждая из которых характеризуется своими симптомами:

Форма		Проявления
Локализация очагов воспаления	Бульбарный	Поражение затрагивает область луковицы в начальном отделе двенадцатиперстной кишки
	Постбульбарный	Воспаление, развивающееся глубже луковицы
	Локальный	Очаг поражения затрагивает область дуоденального сосочка
	Диффузный	Происходит поражение всего органа
По клиническим проявлениям	Эритематозный	Отмечается отек и покраснение слизистой
	Геморрагический	Наблюдаются кровоизлияния
	Атрофический	Происходит истончение слизистой
	Эрозивный	Возникают раны на слизистой оболочке
	Узелковый	На слизистой оболочке появляются образования, которые похожи на узелки
В зависимости от изменений в структуре слизистой	Поверхностный	Развивается воспалительный процесс
	Атрофический	Происходит истончение органа
	Интерстициальный	Возникает поражение всей толщины стенки двенадцатиперстной кишки

Также выделяют несколько клинических форм этого недуга:

1. 1. Язвенноподобная (боли в области живота ноющего характера).
2. 2. Гастритоподобная форма (болевой синдром развивается через 15-20 минут после приема пищи, а также отмечаются рвота, тошнота, диарея и отсутствие аппетита).
3. 3. Холецистоподобная и панкреатоподобная (боль острого характера, которая находится в правом/левом подреберье, возникают тошнота, рвота, диарея и метеоризм).
4. 4. Нейро-вегетативная (плохие сон и аппетит, слабость, головокружение, повышенное сердцебиение и чрезмерное потоотделение).
5. 5. Смешанная форма.
6. 6. Бессимптомный тип болезни (возникает преимущественно у пожилых людей и протекает без проявлений).

Существует хронический ацидопептический дуоденит, который характеризуется наличием болей в области живота на голодный желудок, по ночам или через несколько часов после приема пищи. При патологии, которая сочетается с энтеритом (воспаление тонкого кишечника) возникают нарушения пищеварения, тошнота, рвота и изжога. Дуоденостаз проявляется в виде приступообразных болей в правой части живота, вздутия, отрыжки, тошноты и рвоты с желчью. Локальная форма воспаления двенадцатиперстной кишки заключается в наличии дискомфорта, который распространяется в правое или левое подреберье, возникновении пожелтения кожи и склер, а также осветлении стула.

Опущение кишечника: причины появления, симптомы и лечение болезни

3

Особенности болезни в детском возрасте

Воспаление 12-перстной кишки у детей характеризуется специфическими признаками. Эта патология возникает из-за попадания инфекций, проглатывания инородных предметов, которые повреждают слизистую. Еда всухомятку, нарушения развития желудочно-кишечного тракта, пищевые аллергии, паразиты (гельминты), стрессы и депрессии в детстве и подростковом возрасте также могут повлиять на развитие дуоденита.

Острая форма заболевания сопровождается наличием лихорадки, головной боли, слабости и снижением аппетита. Отмечаются недомогание, тошнота, рвота, диарея, вздутие и повышенное слюноотделение. Наблюдаются боли в верхних отделах живота, учащенное сердцебиение (тахикардия) и пониженное артериальное давление.

В стадии обострения хронический дуоденит характеризуется наличием болевого синдрома в верхней части живота, который появляется натощак или через 2 часа после приема пищи. Боли приступообразно усиливаются и иррадиируют (распространяются) в область правого подреберья и пупка. Выраженность синдрома уменьшается после употребления еды.

Иногда боли возникают ночью. Отмечается ощущение тяжести в области живота. Возникают отрыжка с горечью и изжога после еды. Наблюдаются снижение аппетита, склонность к запорам и повышенное слюноотделение.

Обострение длится около 2 недель. Иногда возникают слабость, повышенная утомляемость. На этом фоне развиваются сонливость, головные боли, снижение успеваемости и отставание в физическом развитии ребенка.

Что представляет собой дискинезия толстого кишечника

4

Диагностика

Диагностика воспаления двенадцатиперстной кишки осуществляется с помощью гастроскопии (эндоскопический метод исследования органов желудочно-кишечного тракта). Применяется рентгенография желудка и двенадцатиперстной кишки. Необходимо осуществить биохимическое исследование крови и желудочного сока.

Активно применяется копрограмма – анализ кала, который позволяет узнать о скорости и качестве переваривания пищи. Используется дуоденальное зондирование. Эта методика заключается в том, что исследуется содержимое двенадцатиперстной кишки с помощью зонда, который вставляет эндоскопист через ротовую полость.

5

Лечение, профилактика и прогноз

Терапия ацидопептического дуоденита осуществляется с помощью медикаментозного восстановления пищеварения ферментами (Абомин, Вестал, Панкреатин). Необходимо провести эрадикацию хеликобактерий посредством таких препаратов, как Амоксициклин, Метронидазол, Альмагель. Рекомендуется пациентам назначать обволакивающие средства для защиты слизистой оболочки двенадцатиперстной кишки (Фосфалюгель, Сукралфат).

Лечение дуоденостаза направлено на избавления от причины развития этого недуга. Иногда применяют диету, а в некоторых случаях – зондирование с промыванием двенадцатиперстной кишки. Терапия этой патологии проводится в стационарных условиях, чтобы избежать негативных последствий для организма.

Профилактика этого заболевания заключается в том, что необходимо отказаться от вредных привычек и правильно питаться. Рекомендуется каждые полгода посещать гастроэнтеролога с целью своевременного выявления и терапи заболеваний желудочно-кишечного тракта. Профилактика повторного дуоденита заключается в ежегодном обследовании и санаторном лечении. Прогноз заболевания у детей и взрослых благоприятный.

90000 Inflammation: Causes, Symptoms & Anti-Inflammatory Diet 90001 90002 Inflammation is a vital part of the immune system’s response to injury and infection. It is the body’s way of signaling the immune system to heal and repair damaged tissue, as well as defend itself against foreign invaders, such as viruses and bacteria. 90003 90002 Without inflammation as a physiological response, wounds would fester, and infections could become deadly. 90003 90002 However, if the inflammatory process goes on for too long or if the inflammatory response occurs in places where it is not needed, it can become problematic.Chronic inflammation has been linked to certain diseases such as heart disease or stroke, and may also lead to autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. But a healthy diet and lifestyle can help keep inflammation under control. 90003 90008 Acute inflammation 90009 90002 Acute inflammation occurs after a cut on the knee, a sprained ankle or a sore throat. It’s a short-term response with localized effects, meaning it works at the precise place where a problem exists. The telltale signs of acute inflammation include redness, swelling, heat and sometimes pain and loss of function, according to the National Library of Medicine.90003 90002 In the case of acute inflammation, blood vessels dilate, blood flow increases and white blood cells swarm the injured area to promote healing, said Dr. Scott Walker, a family practice physician at Gunnison Valley Hospital in Utah. This response is what causes the injured area to turn red and become swollen. 90003 90002 During acute inflammation, chemicals known as cytokines are released by the damaged tissue. The cytokines act as “emergency signals” that bring in your body’s immune cells, hormones and nutrients to fix the problem, Walker said.90003 90002 In addition, hormone-like substances known as prostaglandins create blood clots to heal damaged tissue, and they also trigger pain and fever as part of the healing process. As the body heals, the acute inflammation gradually subsides. 90003 90008 Chronic inflammation 90009 90002 Unlike acute inflammation, chronic inflammation can have long-term and whole-body effects. Chronic inflammation is also called persistent, low-grade inflammation because it produces a steady, low-level of inflammation throughout the body, as judged by a small rise in immune system markers found in blood or tissue.This type of systemic inflammation can contribute to the development of disease, according to a summary in the Johns Hopkins Health Review. 90003 90002 Low levels of inflammation can be triggered by a perceived internal threat, even when there is not a disease to fight or an injury to heal, andsometimes this signals the immune system to respond. As a result, white blood cells swarm but have nothing to do and nowhere to go, and they may eventually start attacking internal organs or other healthy tissues and cells, Walker said.90003 90002 Researchers are still working to understand the implications of chronic inflammation on the body and the mechanisms involved in the process, but it’s known to play a role in the development of many diseases. 90003 90002 For example, chronic inflammation has been linked to heart disease and stroke. One theory suggests that when inflammatory cells stay too long in blood vessels, they promote the buildup of plaque. The body perceives this plaque as a foreign substance that does not belong, so it tries to wall off the plaque from the blood flowing inside the arteries, according to the American Heart Association (AHA).If the plaque becomes unstable and ruptures, it forms a clot that blocks blood flow to the heart or brain, triggering a heart attack or stroke. 90003 90002 Cancer is another disease linked with chronic inflammation. Over time, chronic inflammation can cause DNA damage and lead to some forms of cancer, according to the National Cancer Institute. 90003 90002 Chronic, low-grade inflammation often does not have symptoms, but doctors can test for C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker for inflammation in the blood.High levels of CRP have been linked with an increased risk of heart disease. CRP levels can also indicate an infection, or a chronic inflammatory disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus, according to the Mayo Clinic. 90003 90002 Besides looking for clues in the blood, a person’s diet, lifestyle habits and environmental exposures can contribute to chronic inflammation. It’s important to maintain a healthy lifestyle to keep inflammation in check. 90003 90008 Anti-inflammatory diet 90009 90002 Anti-inflammatory diets have become popular in recent years.The recommended foods are typical of a Mediterranean diet and include eating more fish, fresh fruits and vegetables, and healthy fats; eating moderate amounts of nuts; eating very little red meat; and drinking red wine in moderation. Like the Mediterranean diet, the principles of an anti-inflammatory diet are healthful ones and the approach is nutritionally sound, according to the Mayo Clinic. 90003 90002 “Anti-inflammatory food components, such as omega-3 fats, protect the body against the possible damage caused by inflammation,” said Ximena Jimenez, a Miami-based nutritionist and spokesperson for the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics.90003 90002 An anti-inflammatory diet also means staying away from foods that can promote inflammation. It’s best to minimize the amount of foods you eat that are high in saturated and trans fats, such as red meats, dairy products and foods containing partially hydrogenated oils, according to the University of Wisconsin. In addition, limit sugary foods and refined carbohydrates, such as white rice and bread. And cut back on the use of cooking oils and margarines that are high in omega-6 fatty acids, such as corn, safflower and sunflower oils.90003 90008 Anti-inflammatory drugs and supplements 90009 90002 Currently, there are no prescription drugs that specifically target chronic inflammation, according to an article published in the Johns Hopkins Health Review. 90003 90002 However, there are plenty of over-the-counter and some prescription medications to treat acute, short-term inflammation. The most common ones are the over-the-counter medications known as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). They include aspirin, naproxen (Aleve) and ibuprofen (Advil and Motrin).90003 90002 NSAIDs work by blocking the enzyme cyclooxygenase, which produces prostaglandins, a hormone-like substance that promotes inflammation, according to MedicineNet. When over-the-counter medicines are not effective at relieving short-term pain and inflammation, there are also prescription-strength NSAIDs. 90003 90002 Acetaminophen (Tylenol) is another common pain reliever, but it does not relieve inflammation, according to the National Library of Medicine. 90003 90002 Corticosteroids, such as cortisone and prednisone, may be prescribed for inflammatory conditions, such as asthma and arthritis.They may help suppress inflammation, but these powerful drugs also carry a risk of side effects, such as weight gain and fluid retention, according to the Mayo Clinic. 90003 90002 Several dietary supplements are said to have anti-inflammatory properties, such as devil’s claw, turmeric and willow bark. Although there is some limited evidence that a few natural products may provide modest benefits for acute inflammation, in general, there is insufficient evidence to support the use of many of these products for inflammatory conditions, according to the National Center for Complimentary and Integrative Health.90003 90002 90057 Additional resources: 90058 90003 90002 90061 This article is for informational purposes only and is not meant to offer medical advice. This article was updated on Oct. 19, 2018 by Live Science Contributor, Cari Nierenberg. 90062 90003 .90000 What Causes Duodenal Inflammation? Symptoms & Diagnosis 90001 90002 Duodenitis is inflammation that occurs in the duodenum, which is the beginning of the small intestine. Duodenal inflammation can cause pain and other unpleasant gastrointestinal symptoms. 90003 90002 While there are different types of duodenitis, duodenal inflammation is always related to some sort of irritation involving the mucus lining of the duodenum. Sometimes this irritation can progress to duodenal ulcers.These ulcers are in fact open sores in the lining of the duodenum. The duodenum has several mechanisms that allow it to counteract highly acidic stomachs. Some of those mechanisms are large amounts of mucus and alkaline secretions, as well as water from the pancreas and gallbladder. 90003 90002 Since the duodenum is close to the stomach and receives partially digested stomach contents, along with gastric juices and enzymes, it has to stand up to a lot of chemical irritation. While for the most part, it handles the chemical influx, it can become inflamed under certain circumstances.When asked, what is duodenitis, many healthcare providers first describe the different types. 90003 90002 90009 Also read: Epigastric pain: Definition, causes, symptoms, and home treatment 90010 90003 90012 What are the types of duodenitis? 90013 90002 Duodenitis can be acute or chronic. If the symptoms occur suddenly and are bothersome for a short period of time, it is acute duodenitis. Chronic duodenitis occurs for long periods of time, sometimes for months or even years. 90003 90002 Duodenitis is classified according to the extent of inflammation.It can be either erosive or non-erosive. Erosive means that the inflamed duodenal wall becomes eroded and open sores develop. Non-erosive means the wall is simply inflamed, but there are no sores. 90003 90002 Bulbar duodenitis relates to the location of the inflammation. To be specific, there is bulbar and post-bulbar. The term refers to the first part of the duodenum, which is situated directly next to the pylorus of the stomach. The pylorus helps control the passage of gastric contents from the stomach into the duodenum.90003 90020 90021 90009 Bulbar duodenitis: 90010 Where the inflammation is located in the duodenal bulb 90024 90021 90009 Post-bulbar: 90010 Where the inflammation is seen in parts of the duodenum after the bulbar portion 90024 90029 90002 90009 Also read: What is erosive gastritis? Causes, symptoms, and treatment 90010 90003 90012 What are the causes and complications of duodenitis? 90013 90002 A clearer view of how the digestive system works can help people understand what causes duodenitis.90003 90002 The acid that is produced in our stomachs is highly corrosive, yet required for digestion. At the same time, it has the ability to digest human tissue. The stomach usually prevents this though, as it has a mucus barrier that protects the inner wall of the stomach. This means that when stomach contents are properly digested, it gets passed into the duodenum along with acid. 90003 90002 Several different natural mechanisms kick-in along with the acid, such as water from the pancreas and digestive enzymes, which prevents any damage to the duodenum.This mixture of fluid dilutes stomach acid. Bile from the gallbladder is also secreted into the duodenum, thus helping to neutralize the stomach acid. If one of the mechanisms becomes impaired, then problems can arise. 90003 90002 Duodenitis causes can be linked to one of three factors: compromises in the protective mechanisms, increases in gastric acid (quantity or acidity), and irritants in the lining of the duodenal wall. 90003 90002 The following is a list of specific causes of duodenitis: 90003 90046 H.Pylori 90047 90002 This is a bacterium that can reach the stomach or duodenal wall and damage the lining. It can also compromise the mucus barrier we referred to. 90003 90046 NSAIDs 90047 90002 Substances in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can impact the production of the mucus that helps form a barrier between acid and the inner lining of the duodenum. 90003 90046 Excessive acid 90047 90002 Some individual’s stomachs produce large amounts of acid. This acid can seep into the duodenum.There are cases where the duodenum is unable to handle the larger amount of acid and it leads to injury to the duodenal wall. The use of nicotine, medications, illicit drugs, and even stress can cause an increase in acid production. 90003 90002 If someone is suffering from duodenitis, the following can aggravate it: 90003 90020 90021 Substance abuse (alcohol or drugs) 90024 90021 Medications like corticosteroids 90024 90021 90009 Crohn’s disease 90010 (inflammatory bowel disease) 90024 90021 Radiation exposure 90024 90021 Autoimmune disorders 90024 90021 Pernicious anemia (linked to B-12 malabsorption) 90024 90021 Other infections other than H.pylori, such as Giardia infection. Giardia is caused by a microscopic parasite that is found around the world, especially in areas where there is poor sanitation and unsafe water. 90024 90029 90002 Duodenitis is not without complications. It can lead to abdominal wall inflammation, internal hemorrhaging, 90009 intestinal obstruction 90010, 90009 peptic ulcer 90010 (bleeding ulcers), recurrent duodenal ulcers, or secondary pancreatitis. When you follow the treatment plan set out by a healthcare professional, you can minimize your risk of such complications.90003 90002 90009 Also read: Low stomach acid (hypochlorhydria): Symptoms, test, and treatment 90010 90003 90012 What are the symptoms of duodenitis? 90013 90002 The symptoms of duodenitis are described like the signs and symptoms of gastritis. In fact, most people are not able to tell the difference between these two conditions. The severity of duodenitis symptoms depends on whether or not the duodenitis is erosive or non-erosive. Below, we list the most common signs and symptoms of duodenitis.90003 90020 90021 90009 Abdominal pain: 90010 Usually felt in the upper middle area of ​​the stomach, about where the duodenum is located. Due to exposure of lining tissue, in erosive cases, the pain can be rather severe. It can be a gnawing ache or a sharp pain. Many sufferers report that pain is worse a short time after eating and first thing in the morning. 90024 90021 90009 Nausea and vomiting: 90010 This is due to the irritation of the duodenum and often occurs along with the pain. If there is bleeding from an ulcer, fresh or dried blood may appear in the vomit.90024 90021 90009 Change in appetite: 90010 Mostly a loss of appetite. There is also a chance of bloating after just a few bites of food. It is not unusual for some people to experience significant weight loss as a result. 90024 90021 90009 Excessive gas: 90010 This can come in the form of belching (burping). 90024 90029 90002 Some people who suffer from duodenitis also complain that they have difficulty sleeping. This is mostly because they are in pain. Dark tarry stools are also possible in those who have bleeding ulcers.90003 90002 90009 Also read: 23 natural remedies to get rid of gas immediately 90010 90003 90012 When to see a doctor 90013 90002 If you experience any of the symptoms described above and they do not go away within a couple weeks of treatment, call your doctor and make an appointment. You will need to seek immediate medical attention if you have a fever of 100.4 or higher, your vomit looks like coffee grounds, your feces are black or tarry, or if you have severe abdominal pain. 90003 90002 Untreated duodenitis can become chronic, which can cause complications.There are some cases where chronic inflammation of the stomach lining can change cells over a period of time and increase a person’s risk of getting stomach cancer. 90003 90012 How to diagnose duodenitis 90013 90002 In order to make a duodenitis diagnosis, usually an upper GI endoscopy with biopsy is performed. During such a test, a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera on one end is sent down the throat, into the stomach and then into the duodenum. The scope can send images of the duodenum to a screen for easy viewing.90003 90002 A small sample of the lining of the duodenum can be taken and sent to a lab for testing. In most cases, they are looking for evidence of H. pylori. Both H. pylori and other pathogens can be investigated through a blood, stool, or breath test as well. For a breath test, you swallow a harmless compound, and if bacteria exist, then extra carbon dioxide gas can be detected in your breath. Under some circumstances (rarely), an upper GI series is done to provide more details about the digestive tract.This involves taking X-rays of the upper GI tract from the mouth all the way to the small intestine. 90003 90002 When it comes to the GI endoscopy, a doctor may report seeing the following: 90003 90020 90021 90009 Erythematous: 90010 Red, inflamed duodenal wall 90024 90021 90009 Focal: 90010 Severe inflammation that is in specific spots 90024 90021 90009 Ulcers: 90010 Open sores that are superficial, deep, small or large 90024 90021 90009 Confluent ulceration: 90010 Widespread ulceration with large patches joining each other 90024 90029 90002 Treating duodenitis mostly involves lifestyle adjustments and approaches that reduce the amount of acid the stomach makes.If you are diagnosed with duodenitis, following your treatment instructions is important – and sooner rather than later. With swift treatment, many people who suffer from this inflammatory condition find that their symptoms clear up. Those who ignore the signs and symptoms may need more aggressive treatment and regular doctor’s visits. 90003 90002 90009 Related: 90010 90003 90002 90009 Duodenal ulcer, type of peptic ulcer, symptoms, diet, treatment, and home remedies 90010 90003 90002 90009 Burning Sensation in Stomach: Causes, Symptoms and Home Remedies 90010 90003 90162 .90000 9 Signs and Symptoms of Vitamin B12 Deficiency 90001 90002 Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is an important water-soluble vitamin (1). 90003 90002 It plays an essential role in the production of your red blood cells and DNA, as well as the proper functioning of your nervous system. 90003 90002 Vitamin B12 is naturally found in animal foods, including meats, fish, poultry, eggs and dairy. However, it can also be found in products fortified with B12, such as some varieties of bread and plant-based milk.90003 90002 Unfortunately, B12 deficiency is common, especially in the elderly. You’re at risk of deficiency if you do not get enough from your diet or are not able to absorb enough from the food you eat. 90003 90002 People at risk of a B12 deficiency include (2): 90003 90012 90013 The elderly 90014 90013 Those who’ve had surgery that removes the part of the bowel that absorbs B12 90014 90013 People on the drug metformin for diabetes 90014 90013 People following a strict vegan diet 90014 90013 Those taking long-term antacid drugs for heartburn 90014 90023 90002 Unfortunately, symptoms of a vitamin B12 deficiency can take years to show up, and diagnosing it can be complex.A B12 deficiency can sometimes be mistaken for a folate deficiency. 90003 90002 Low levels of B12 cause your folate levels to drop. However, if you have a B12 deficiency, correcting low folate levels may simply mask the deficiency and fail to fix the underlying problem (3). 90003 90002 Here are 9 signs and symptoms of a true vitamin B12 deficiency. 90003 90002 People with a B12 deficiency often look pale or have a slight yellow tinge to the skin and whites of the eyes, a condition known as jaundice.90003 90002 This happens when a lack of B12 causes problems with your body’s red blood cell production (4). 90003 90002 Vitamin B12 plays an essential role in the production of the DNA needed to make red blood cells. Without it, the instructions for building the cells are incomplete, and cells are unable to divide (5). 90003 90002 This causes a type of anemia called megaloblastic anemia, in which the red blood cells produced in your bone marrow are large and fragile. 90003 90002 These red blood cells are too large to pass out of your bone marrow and into your circulation.Therefore, you do not have as many red blood cells circulating around your body, and your skin can appear pale in color. 90003 90002 The fragility of these cells also means that many of them break down, causing an excess of bilirubin. 90003 90002 Bilirubin is a slightly red or brown-colored substance, which is produced by the liver when it breaks down old blood cells. 90003 90002 Large amounts of bilirubin are what give your skin and eyes a yellow tinge (6, 7). 90003 90046 90047 Summary: 90048 If you have a B12 deficiency, your skin may appear pale or jaundiced.90049 90002 Weakness and fatigue are common symptoms of vitamin B12 deficiency. 90003 90002 They occur because your body does not have enough vitamin B12 to make red blood cells, which transport oxygen throughout your body. 90003 90002 As a result, you are unable to efficiently transport oxygen to your body’s cells, making you feel tired and weak. 90003 90002 In the elderly, this type of anemia is often caused by an autoimmune condition known as pernicious anemia. 90003 90002 People with pernicious anemia do not produce enough of an important protein called intrinsic factor.90003 90002 Intrinsic factor is essential for preventing a B12 deficiency, as it binds with vitamin B12 in your gut so that you are able to absorb it (8). 90003 90046 90047 Summary: 90048 When you are deficient in B12, your body is not able to produce enough red blood cells to effectively transport oxygen throughout your body. This can make you feel tired and weak. 90049 90002 One of the more serious side effects of a long-term B12 deficiency is nerve damage. 90003 90002 This can occur over time, as vitamin B12 is an important contributor to the metabolic pathway that produces the fatty substance myelin.Myelin surrounds your nerves as a form of protection and insulation (9). 90003 90002 Without B12, myelin is produced differently, and your nervous system is not able to function properly. 90003 90002 One common sign of this happening is paresthesia, or the sensation of pins and needles, which is similar to a prickling sensation in your hands and feet. 90003 90002 Interestingly, the neurological symptoms associated with B12 deficiency usually occur alongside anemia. However, one study found that about 28% of people had neurological symptoms of B12 deficiency, without any signs of anemia (10).90003 90002 That said, sensations of pins and needles are a common symptom that can have many causes, so this symptom alone is not usually a sign of B12 deficiency. 90003 90046 90047 Summary: 90048 B12 plays an important role in the production of myelin, which insulates your nerves and is critical to your nervous system function. A common sign of potential nerve damage in B12 deficiency is a sensation of pins and needles. 90049 90002 If untreated, the damage to your nervous system caused by a B12 deficiency could cause changes to the way you walk and move.90003 90002 It may even affect your balance and coordination, making you more prone to falling. 90003 90002 This symptom is often seen in undiagnosed B12 deficiency in the elderly, as people over the age of 60 are more prone to a B12 deficiency. However, preventing or treating deficiencies in this group may improve mobility (11, 12, 13). 90003 90002 Also, this symptom may be present in young people who have a severe, untreated deficiency (14). 90003 90046 90047 Summary: 90048 The damage caused by long-term, untreated B12 deficiency can affect your balance and cause changes to the way you walk and move.90049 90002 Glossitis is a term used to describe an inflamed tongue. 90003 90002 If you have glossitis, your tongue changes color and shape, making it painful, red and swollen. 90003 90002 The inflammation can also make your tongue look smooth, as all the tiny bumps on your tongue that contain your taste buds stretch out and disappear. 90003 90002 As well as being painful, glossitis can change the way you eat and speak. 90003 90002 Studies have shown that a swollen and inflamed tongue that has long straight lesions on it could be an early sign of vitamin B12 deficiency (15, 16).90003 90002 Additionally, some people with a B12 deficiency may experience other oral symptoms, such as mouth ulcers, feelings of pins and needles in the tongue or a burning and itching sensation in the mouth (15, 17). 90003 90046 90047 Summary: 90048 An early sign of B12 deficiency may be a red and swollen tongue. This condition is known as glossitis. 90049 90002 If you become anemic due to a B12 deficiency, you may feel short of breath and a bit dizzy, especially when you exert yourself. 90003 90002 This is because your body lacks the red blood cells it needs to get enough oxygen to your body’s cells.90003 90002 However, these symptoms can have many causes, so if you notice that you are unusually breathless, you should speak to your doctor to investigate the cause. 90003 90046 90047 Summary: 90048 Anemia caused by vitamin B12 deficiency can cause some people to feel breathless and dizzy. This occurs when the body is unable to transport enough oxygen to all its cells. 90049 90002 One symptom of vitamin B12 deficiency is blurred or disturbed vision. 90003 90002 This can occur when an untreated B12 deficiency results in nervous system damage to the optic nerve that leads to your eyes (18).90003 90002 The damage can disrupt the nervous signal that travels from your eye to your brain, impairing your vision. This condition is known as optic neuropathy. 90003 90002 Although alarming, it is often reversible by supplementing with B12 (19, 20). 90003 90046 90047 Summary: 90048 In rare cases, the nervous system damage caused by a B12 deficiency can affect the optic nerve. This can result in blurred or disturbed vision. 90049 90002 People with B12 deficiency often report changes in mood.90003 90002 In fact, low levels of B12 have been linked to mood and brain disorders like depression and dementia (21, 22). 90003 90002 The “homocysteine ​​hypothesis of depression” has been suggested as a potential explanation for this link (23, 24, 25). 90003 90002 This theory suggests that high levels of homocysteine ​​caused by low levels of B12 could cause damage to the brain tissue and interfere with signals to and from your brain, leading to mood changes. 90003 90002 Some studies suggest that in certain people who are deficient in B12, supplementing with the vitamin can reverse symptoms (26, 27, 28).90003 90002 It’s important to note that changes to mood and conditions like dementia and depression can have a variety of causes. Thus, the effects of supplementing in these conditions remain unclear (29, 30). 90003 90002 If you have a deficiency, taking a supplement may help improve your mood. However, it’s not a substitute for other proven medical therapies in the treatment of depression or dementia. 90003 90046 90047 Summary: 90048 Some people with B12 may show signs of a depressed mood or conditions characterized by a decline in brain function, such as dementia.90049 90002 A very rare but occasional symptom of B12 deficiency is a high temperature. 90003 90002 It’s not clear why this occurs, but some doctors have reported cases of fever that has normalized after treatment with low levels of vitamin B12 (31). 90003 90002 However, it’s important to remember that high temperatures are more commonly caused by illness, not a B12 deficiency. 90003 90046 90047 Summary: 90048 On very rare occasions, one symptom of B12 deficiency may be a high temperature.90049 90002 Vitamin B12 deficiency is common and can present itself in various ways, making it difficult to identify. 90003 90002 If you’re at risk and have any of the symptoms above, speak to your doctor. 90003 90002 For most people, a B12 deficiency should be easy to prevent simply by ensuring you are getting enough B12 in your diet. 90003.90000 Types, symptoms, causes, and treatment 90001 90002 If you buy something through a link on this page, we may earn a small commission. How this works. 90003 90002 Inflammation is part of the body’s defense mechanism and plays a role in the healing process. 90003 90002 When the body detects an intruder, it launches a biological response to try to remove it. 90003 90002 The attacker could be a foreign body, such as a thorn, an irritant, or a pathogen. Pathogens include bacteria, viruses, and other organisms, which cause infections.90003 90002 Sometimes, the body mistakenly perceives its own cells or tissues as harmful. This reaction can lead to autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes. 90003 90002 Experts believe inflammation may contribute to a wide range of chronic diseases. Examples of these are metabolic syndrome, which includes type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and obesity. 90003 90002 People with these conditions often have higher levels of inflammatory markers in their bodies. 90003 90002 In this article, find out more about why inflammation happens, its symptoms, and ways to resolve it.90003 Share on PinterestA person with acute inflammation might experience pain in the affected area. 90002 There are two main types of inflammation: acute and chronic. 90003 90020 Acute inflammation 90021 90002 An injury or illness can involve acute, or short-term, inflammation. 90003 90002 There are five key signs of acute inflammation: 90003 90026 90027 90028 Pain 90029: This may occur continuously or only when a person touches the affected area. 90030 90027 90028 Redness 90029: This happens because of an increase in the blood supply to the capillaries in the area.90030 90027 90028 Loss of function 90029: There may be difficulty moving a joint, breathing, sensing smell, and so on. 90030 90027 90028 Swelling 90029: A condition call edema can develop if fluid builds up. 90030 90027 90028 Heat 90029: Increased blood flow may leave the affected area warm to the touch. 90030 90047 90002 These signs are not always present. Sometimes inflammation is “silent,” without symptoms. A person may also feel tired, generally unwell, and have a fever. 90003 90002 Symptoms of acute inflammation last a few days.Subacute inflammation lasts 2-6 weeks. 90003 90002 Chronic inflammation can continue for months or years. It either has or may have links to various diseases, such as: 90003 90002 The symptoms will depend on the disease, but they may include pain and fatigue. 90003 90020 Measuring inflammation 90021 90002 When inflammation is present in the body, there will be higher levels of substances known as biomarkers. 90003 90002 An example of a biomarker is C-reactive protein (CRP). If a doctor wants to test for inflammation, they may assess CRP levels.90003 90002 CRP levels tend to be higher in older people and those with conditions such as cancer and obesity. Even diet and exercise may make a difference. 90003 90002 Inflammation happens when a physical factor triggers an immune reaction. Inflammation does not necessarily mean that there is an infection, but an infection can cause inflammation. 90003 90020 Acute inflammation 90021 90002 Acute inflammation can result from: 90003 90026 90027 exposure to a substance, such as a bee sting or dust 90030 90027 an injury 90030 90027 an infection 90030 90047 90002 When the body detects damage or pathogens, the immune system triggers a number of reactions: 90003 90026 90027 Tissues accumulate plasma proteins, leading to a buildup of fluid that results in swelling.90030 90027 The body releases neutrophils, a type of white blood cell, or leukocyte, which move toward the affected area. Leukocytes contain molecules that can help fight pathogens. 90030 90027 Small blood vessels enlarge to enable leukocytes and plasma proteins to reach the injury site more easily. 90030 90047 90002 Signs of acute inflammation can appear within hours or days, depending on the cause. In some cases, they can rapidly become severe. How they develop and how long they last will depend on the cause, which part of the body they affect, and individual factors.90003 90002 Some factors and infections that can lead to acute inflammation include: 90003 90020 Chronic inflammation 90021 90002 Chronic inflammation can develop if a person has: 90003 90002 90028 Sensitivity 90029: Inflammation happens when the body senses something that should not be there. Hypersensitivity to an external trigger can result in an allergy. 90003 90002 90028 Exposure 90029: Sometimes, long-term, low-level exposure to an irritant, such as an industrial chemical, can result in chronic inflammation.90003 90002 90028 Autoimmune disorders: 90029 The immune system mistakenly attacks normal healthy tissue, as in psoriasis. 90003 90002 90028 Autoinflammatory diseases 90029: A genetic factor affects the way the immune system works, as in Behçet’s disease. 90003 90002 90028 Persistent acute inflammation 90029: In some cases, a person may not fully recover from acute inflammation. Sometimes, this can lead to chronic inflammation. 90003 90002 Factors that may increase the risk of chronic inflammation include: 90003 90002 Long-term diseases that doctors associate with inflammation include: 90003 90002 Inflammation plays a vital role in healing, but chronic inflammation may increase the risk of various diseases, including some cancers , rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, periodontitis, and hay fever.90003 90002 The following table summarizes some key differences between acute and chronic inflammation. 90003 90002 It is essential to identify and manage inflammation and related diseases to prevent further complications. 90003 90002 Acute inflammation can cause pain of varying types and severity. Pain may be constant and steady, throbbing and pulsating, stabbing, or pinching. 90003 90002 Pain results when the buildup of fluid leads to swelling, and the swollen tissues push against sensitive nerve endings.90003 90002 Other biochemical processes also occur during inflammation. They affect how nerves behave, and this can contribute to pain. 90003 90002 Treatment of inflammation will depend on the cause and severity. Often, there is no need for treatment. 90003 90002 Sometimes, however, not treating inflammation can result in life threatening symptoms. 90003 90002 During an allergic reaction, for example, inflammation can cause severe swelling that may close the airways, making it impossible to breathe.It is essential to have treatment if this reaction occurs. 90003 90002 Without treatment, some infections can enter the blood, resulting in sepsis. This is another life threatening condition that needs urgent medical treatment. 90003 90020 Acute inflammation 90021 90002 A doctor may prescribe treatment to remove the cause of inflammation, manage symptoms, or both. 90003 90002 For a bacterial or fungal infection, for example, they may prescribe antibiotics or antifungal treatment. 90003 90002 Here are some treatments specifically for treating inflammation: 90003 90002 90028 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 90029 90003 90002 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) will not remove the cause of inflammation, but they can help relieve pain, swelling, fever, and other symptoms.They do this by countering an enzyme that contributes to inflammation. 90003 90002 Examples of NSAIDs include naproxen, ibuprofen, and aspirin. These are available to purchase online or over the counter. People should check first with a doctor or pharmacist to ensure they make the right choice. 90003 90002 People should only use NSAIDs long term if a doctor recommends them, as they can have adverse effects. Aspirin is not suitable for children. 90003 90002 90028 Pain relief 90029: Acetaminophen, including paracetamol or Tylenol, can relieve pain but does not reduce inflammation.These drugs allow the inflammation to continue its role in healing. 90003 90002 90028 Corticosteroids 90029 90003 90002 Corticosteroids, such as cortisol, are a type of steroid hormone. They affect various mechanisms involved in inflammation. 90003 90002 Corticosteroids can help manage a range of conditions, including: 90003 90002 They are available as pills, injections, in an inhaler, or as creams or ointments. 90003 90002 Long-term use of corticosteroids can be harmful. A doctor can advise on their risks and benefits.90003 90002 Treatment for diseases that involve long-term inflammation will depend on the condition. 90003 90002 Some drugs act to repress the body’s immune reactions. These can help relieve symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and other similar autoimmune reactions. However, they can also leave a person’s body less able to fight an infection if it occurs. 90003 90002 People who have undergone transplant surgery also need to take immunosuppressant drugs to prevent their bodies from rejecting the new organ.They, too, need to take extra care to avoid exposure to infections. 90003 90002 Various herbal supplements may help manage inflammation. 90003 90002 90183 90028 Harpagophytum procumbens: 90029 90186 Also known as devil’s claw, wood spider, or grapple plant, this herb comes from South Africa and is related to sesame plants. Some older research from 2011 has shown it may have anti-inflammatory properties. Various brands are available to purchase online. 90003 90002 90028 Hyssop: 90029 People can mix this plant with other herbs, such as licorice, for the treatment of some lung conditions, including airway inflammation.However, the hyssop essential oil has led to life threatening convulsions in laboratory animals, so caution is necessary. 90003 90002 90028 Ginger: 90029 People have long used ginger to treat dyspepsia, constipation, colic, and other gastrointestinal problems, as well as rheumatoid arthritis pain. Ginger is available fresh in groceries or online in supplement form. 90003 90002 90028 Turmeric: 90029 Curcumin, the main ingredient in turmeric, may have benefits for arthritis, Alzheimer’s disease, and some other inflammatory conditions.Supplements with turmeric and curcumin are available online. 90003 90002 90028 Cannabis: 90029 A cannabinoid called cannabichromene may have anti-inflammatory properties. People should check first if cannabis-related products are legal where they live. 90003 90002 Learn more here about anti-inflammatory supplements. 90003 90002 These herbs are not approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for medicinal use. Always talk to a doctor before using any herbal or other supplements. 90003 90002 Some foods contain nutrients that may help reduce inflammation.90003 90002 They include: 90003 90026 90027 olive oil 90030 90027 high fiber foods 90030 90027 tomatoes 90030 90027 nuts, such as walnuts and almonds 90030 90027 leafy greens, including spinach and kale 90030 90027 fatty fish, such as salmon and mackerel 90030 90027 fruit, including blueberries and oranges 90030 90047 90002 Studies have suggested that people with high levels of CRP may be less likely to follow a diet that is rich in fresh products and healthy oils, such as the Mediterranean diet.90003 90002 The following may aggravate inflammation: 90003 90026 90027 fried foods 90030 90027 highly processed foods 90030 90027 foods and drinks with added sugar 90030 90027 red meat 90030 90027 unhealthful fats, such as saturated and trans fats 90030 90047 90002 Diet alone will not control inflammation , but making suitable choices may help prevent it from getting worse. 90003 90002 Learn more here about the anti-inflammatory diet. 90003 90002 Inflammation is part of the process by which the immune system defends the body from harmful agents, such as bacteria and viruses.In the short term, it can provide a useful service, although it may also cause discomfort. 90003 90002 Long-term or chronic inflammation, however, can both lead to and result from some severe and possibly life threatening conditions. 90003 90002 People with tumors, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, drug reactions, and other health issues may have high levels of CRP, which is a sign of an inflammatory immune response. 90003 90002 As scientists learn more about the role of inflammation in disease, their findings could lead to more effective treatments for various illnesses that do not yet have a cure, such as type 1 diabetes.90003.